The frame is normally
made up of timber. This is on account of the fact that timber is easily
available everywhere and it can be worked into different shapes without
difficulty. However, where economy is the main consideration, frames made up of
steel or precast R.C.C. members are generally used. Steel or R.C.C. frames are
also recommended in construction on sites infested with termites. Shutters are
generally made up of timber framework with panel insets of glass, timber,
plywood, block board or a combination of such materials. In case of steel
doors, the shutters are made of frame work of rolled steel sections with panel
inserts of glass or steel plates. Aluminum doors are considered to be the best
as they are rust proof and present an elegant appearance.
For small opening, a
door is provided with one leaf or shutter and such a door is known a single
leaf door. In case of wider opening the door should have two leaves and such a
door is termed as double leaf door. Sometimes a door is provided with shutter
on either side of the frame. Shutter on one side of the frame may have wire
gauge mesh and on the other side the shutter may be fully panelled, such a door
is known as double shuttered door.
· From consideration of adequate air
circulation within the room, the doors should be provided in opposite walls
facing each other.
·
From
consideration of proper space utilisation and privacy, doors should as for as
possible be located near the corner of a room.
·
The
location of the door should meet the functional requirements of the room.
· The number of the doors in a room should
be kept minimum to achieve optimum utilisation of space. Large number of doors
besides causing obstruction, consume more area in circulation.
SIZE OF DOORS
The size of door to be
adopted for a room depends basically upon the functional requirements of the
room. In case of W.C. or bath room where only one person is expected to go at a
time a door width of 75 cm. is considered adequate. On the other hand, the size
of a garage door should be such that it may permit a car to pass through. In general,
the size of the door adopted should be such that it will permit the movement of
the largest object likely to pass through the door opening.
Doors of Residential Building Size of the door(mm.)
1.External Door 1000 x 2000
2. Internal Door 900 x 2000
3. Door for bath or
w.c.
800 x 2000
Doors of public buildings like school 1200 x 2100
Hospital, Library etc.
Doors of garage for cars 2250 x 2250
DOOR FRAME
Door frame is made up
of two vertical members known as jambs or posts and a flat member connecting
the jambs at top called head. The cross sectional dimensions of the jamb and
the head are normally kept same. The size of door frame is worked out after
allowing a clearance of 5 mm. alround for convenience of fixing the frame in
the opening.
Timber Door Frame:
In case of doors
having one shutter, the size of the jamb or head is taken as 60 mm. thick and
100 mm. wide. In case of doors having two shutters, the width of the frame
members is increased from 100 mm. to 120 or 140 mm.
The members are
rebated for accommodating plaster and the shutter. The rebate for accommodating
the plaster should not be less than 10 mm. Similarly, the rebate for
accommodating the shutter should not be less than 15 mm. in width, the depth
being equal to the thickness of the shutter.
The jambs are usually
tenoned into the head and wedged. Sometimes, the head projects out by about 7
cm. from the jambs. The projected portion is known as horn which helps in
securing the frame head in the masonry. However, horns create difficulties at
the time of repair or replacement of the frame and as such provision of horn is
getting obsolete these days.
Alternatively, the
head may be tenoned into the mortices made in the jambs and pinned with 8 mm.
or 10 mm. hard wood bamboo pins.
Method of fixing:
Before fixing, all
portions of the frame which will come in contact with masonry, are painted with
thick coat of coaltar or by any approved type of wood primer. The frame is
placed in proper position and secured to the wall by means of iron hold fasts.
A minimum of three hold fasts are fixed on each jamb; one being fixed at the
centre and the remaining two at 30 cm. from the top and the bottom of the jamb.
At their feet the jambs are embedded in the flooring to its full depth.
Sometimes, the jamb is also secured to the floor by means of metal pins or
dowels.
Alternatively, the
frame can be fixed in a prepared door opening. In this case wooden blocks are
known as plugs are embedded at appropriate places in the jambs during the
construction of the wall. After the door opening is prepared, the frame is
placed in position and fixed with G.I. wood screws. This method of fixing frame
is invariably adopted in case of stone masonry or R.C.C work.
Steel Door Frames:
Steel door frame can
be made out of angle Tee, channel or pressed steel plates. As in case of timber
frame, in this case too there are two jamb posts and a head. At the joints the
members are either welded are rigidly fixed together by mechanical means.
Sometimes, a horizontal member is also provided to fix the jambs at base at
floor level. This member is known threshold. In case of steel frames, the hold
fasts or lugs and the hinges are invariably welded to the frame.
Method of fixing: Steel frames are always fixed in prepared door opening i.e.
after the masonry work for the door opening as well as lintel etc. are complete
and fully set. In addition, the size of the door opening so as to allow
adequate clearance between the frame and the opening. This arrangement is
necessary to ensure that the steel frame does not get distorted or damaged on
account of likely transference of loads or stresses from the surrounding
masonry.
In case the frame is
to be fixed in brick masonry, chasses of required size are cut in walls for
accommodating the hold fast or lugs, and the frame is secured to the opening by
grouting the lugs with cement concrete.
In case of stone
masonry or R.C.C where it is difficult to cut chasses, wooden plugs are
embedded at appropriate places in the jamb in concrete or stone masonry during
casting or construction of the wall. After the opening is prepared, the door
unit is placed in position and fixed with the plugs with galvanised iron wood
screws.
TYPES OF DOORS
1.Battened and Ledged Door:
This is the simplest
form of door commonly used for narrow openings. The door consists of a series
of a series of vertical battens or boards usually tongued and grooved and fixed
together with horizontal battens known as ledges. There are three ledges one
each is fixed near the top and bottom and the third one is fixed in the middle
of the shutter. The middle ledge is also known as lock ledge. The battens are
75 to 100 mm. wide and 20 mm. thick. The thickness of ledges vary from 25 to 30
mm. and generally, the middle and bottom ledge are wider than the top one. The top
ledge is 110 mm. wide while the middle and bottom ledges are each 175 to 200
mm. wide. The door is hung on the frame by iron hinges fixed on the ledges.
This type of door, is
recommended for W. C’s, bathrooms etc. in buildings where economy rather than
the appearance is of main consideration.
2. Battened ledged and braced door:
This is an improved
form of battened and ledged door. In this type of door two additional members
are provided in the form of inclined braces between the ledges. The braces are
normally housed and not tenoned into the ledges. The braces incline down
towards the side on which the dor is hung. In this position they act as shuts
and provide increased rigidity and strength to the door. This type of door can
be used for wider opening in situation where appearance is not so important as
economy.
The sizes of different components of the door are as under:
A. Battens
: 100 to 175 mm. wide and 20 mm. thick
B. Ledges : 175 to 225 mm. wide and 25 to
30 mm.
Thick
C. Braces : 125
to 175 mm. wide and having thickness as that ledges.
3. Battened, ledged, braced and framed door:
This type of door is
considered to the superior in strength, durability and appearance to other two
type of doors mentioned above. The frame work of this type of door consists of
two vertical members called stiles, three horizontal members known as ledges or
rails, vertical battens and two inclined braces. The rails positioned near the
top, middle and the bottom of the shutter are mortised and tenoned into the
stiles. The battens are generally tongued and grooved and V-jointed. At their
upper end, the battens are let into the top rail while at mid height and lower
ends they go right over the middle and bottom rails. The side batten sare
tongued into the stiles. The braces are normally housed into the rails at about
4 cm. from the stiles. In order to have this arrangement of joining, the
thickness of the stiles and top rail is kept same and is equal to the combined
thickness of braces and battens.
This type of door is
considered suitable for external used as well as in situations where the door
is likely to be subjected to rough handing.
4. Framed and Panelled Door:
This type of door is
commonly provided in all types of buildings. This door consists of timber frame
work of stiles and rails which are grooved on the inside to receive one or more
panels. Framed and panelled doors are made in several designs to suit the
functional as well as Architectural requirements. The door may be single,
double, three, four or six paneled and so on. The panels can be of timber,
plywood, block board or hard board. Timber panels are fixed within the grooves
in the frame. However, additional timber beading is also provided either on one
or both sides to improve the elevation of the door.
Construction Details
· The stiles are continuous from bottom
to top.
·
Different
rails i.e. top rail, bottom rail, lock rail and frieze rail are jointed to the
stiles.
·
Mullions
or muntins, if any are jointed to the rails.
·
Bottom
and lock rails are of bigger size than the top and frieze rails.
·
The
lock rail is so placed that its centre line is at height of 800mm. from the
bottom of the shutter.
·
The
stiles and the rails are mortised and tenoned.
·
In
case, the panel inserts are of timber, the minimum width and thickness of
timber panel should not be less than 150 mm.
·
In
case of plywood, particle board or hard board panels, there is no restriction
or minimum or maximum size of panel. However, for single panel door, the
thickness of plywood, should not be less than 12 mm. and for two or more
panelled door it should not be less than 10 mm.
· The width of stiles is normally 10
cm. and the bottom and lock rail are 15 cm. wide each. The thickness of shutter
can vary from 3 cm. to 5 cm. depending upon the size of door, thickness of
panels, the situation of door and type of usage.
5. Glazed or Sash Door:
This type of door is
used in residential as well as public buildings like hospitals, schools or
colleges etc. with a view to supplement the natural lighting provided by
windows or to make the interior of one room visible from the adjacent one.
Glazed or sash doors are made in several designs. They can be glazed fully or
partly. Fully glazed doors are recommended in situations where sufficient light
is required through the door opening as in case of shopping or display centres,
lobbies, entrance hall etc. In case of partly glazed doors normally the bottom
1/3rd height of the door is panelled and the remaining 2/3rd
height is glazed. In case of partly glazed doors the stiles are sometimes
diminished at the lock rail to improve the elevation and to permit more area of
glazing in the process.
6. Flush Door:
With the large scale
production of plywood and face veneers, use of flush doors has become very
popular these days. Flush doors have pleasing appearance, simple construction,
high strength and durability and cost less as compared with panelled doors.
These doors are commonly used in residential as well as public buildings. Flush
door shutter consists of a solid or semi solid framed skeleton covered on both
faces with either plywood or a combination of cross bands and veneers giving
perfectly flush and joint less surface. In case commercial type plywood or face
veneer is used for the face panel the door is termed as commercial type flush
door. Similarly, if decorative type of plywood or face veneer is used for face
panel, the door is named as decorative type of flush door. For
Decorative type flush
doors cost more than commercial type flush doors. Flush door shutters are
manufactured in standard thickness of 25, 30, 35 and 40.
25 mm. thick shutter
is considered suitable for door openings up to 80 cm. x 210 cm. in size; 30 mm.
or 35 mm. thick shutter is used for door opening of 90 cm. x 210 cm. in size
whereas 40 mm. thick flush door shutter is recommended for door openings
ranging from 100 cm. x 210 cm. to 120 cm. x 210 cm. in size.
This type of door is
used to check the entry of flies, mosquitoes, insects etc. into the room and to
allow free circulation of air at the same time. The door consists of timber
frame work of vertical stiles and horizontal rails and the opening of the
panels are fitted with fine mesh galvanised wire gauge. The G.I. wire is fixed
by use of nails and timber beading. Generally, the door opening in such a case
is provided with double shutters. The shutter opening inside the room is fully
panelled whereas the fly proof or wire gauge shutter opens outside the room or
vice versa.
Revolving door
provides entrance on one side and exit on the other simultaneously keeping the
opening automatically closed when not in use. The door is so assembled as to
exclude the wind draught. This type of door is advantageously provided in
places where there is a regular traffic of people entering in and going out of
the building especially when it is air conditioned or situated in a place where
strong winds blow for most part of the year. The door essentially consists of
four leaves radially attached to a centrally placed mullion in a circular
opening. The mullion or the central member is provided with ball bearing at the
bottom. The leaves and the mullion are enclosed in a vestibule. At their edges
the leaves are provided with rubber pieces which fit flexibly against the
inside face of the vestibule. The attached leaves may be glazed and partly
panelled. Such doors are commonly provided in hotels, banks, offices other such
important public buildings.
9. Sliding Door:
This type of door is
considered suitable for shops, sheds, godowns, garage etc. and in places where
the use of hinges for fixing the shutter is to be avoided. Depending upon the
size of the opening, and the space available on either side, the door can have
single, double or more number of leaves or shutters. The door is provided with
top and bottom guide rails or runners within which the shutters slide. The guide
rails run past the opening for a distance equal to the width of the shutter so
that when the door is required to be opened, the door shutter occupies a new
position parallel to the wall face and clear off the opening. The shutters are
also provided with locking arrangements, handles, stopper etc.
10.Rolling Steel Shutter Doors:
These doors are
commonly used for show windows, shop fronts and godown etc. the door shutter
acts like a steel curtain and provides adequate protection and safety against burglars
and fire. The shutter consists of thin steel slabs about 1.25 mm. thick
interlocked to each other and coiled upon specially designed pipe shaft mounted
at the top of the opening. The door shutter travels in two vertical steel guide
channels installed at either end of the opening.
The guide channels are
made out of mild steel sheets and are deep enough to accommodate and keep the
shutter in positions. The shutter is counter balanced by means of helical
spring enclosed in the drum and a hood of steel protects the drum, spring etc.
from the weather.
When the area of door
opening does not exceed 10 sq.m. the door shutter can be easily opened or
closed by pushing it up or down manually. The door in such a case is known as
push pull type rolling shutter door.
When the area of door
opening is more than 10 sq.m. the shutter is generally opened or closed by
means of reduction gear operated by connecting rod and winding handle or by
means of chain pulley blocks. The door in such a case is known as mechanical
type rolling shutter door.
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